![]() In this method, retinoscopy was performed for each eye, whereas the patient was reading the MEM cards clipped to the retinoscope at a 40 cm distance. Spherical equivalent was calculated as follows: the power of sphere + (cylinder power/2).ĭynamic retinoscopy was performed using the monocular estimate method (MEM). ![]() Spherical equivalent (SE) refraction values for each eye were noted. Static retinoscopy was performed for each eye when the patient was fixed on the largest letter on the Snellen chart at a 6 m distance. Refractive values of patients were evaluated by static retinoscopy. Pupillary diameters were measured by an auto-refractometer (Nidek Ark 530A, Nidek Co., Ltd., Japan). ![]() Cover/uncover test, prism, and alternate cover test for near and distance were performed to assess the presence and measurement of strabismus. All patients were examined by the same pediatric ophthalmologist in the 3 rd, 6 th, 9 th, and 12 th months of methylphenidate treatment.īest-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured for each eye on a decimal scale (Snellen chart). All patients had not previously received any treatment for ADHD.īefore beginning the study, all patients underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination, and then methylphenidate treatment was started (1–1.25 mg/kg/day). In addition, patients who were taking any medication other than methylphenidate were excluded from the study. Patients with any systemic disease, additional ocular pathology other than refractive errors, and history of ocular surgery were not included in the study. All patients were diagnosed with ADHD by the same child and adolescent psychiatrist according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria for ADHD. In this prospective, observational study, children with newly diagnosed ADHD were included. The study was conducted in line with the dictates of the Declaration of Helsinki, approved by the local ethics committee (Institutional Review Board : number: 01-13-18), and informed consent was obtained from parents of the participants. In this study, we investigated the 1-year effects of methylphenidate treatment on functional and structural ocular parameters including refraction, accommodation, IOP values, color vision, anterior and posterior segment findings. In addition, there are no data about the long-term effects of methylphenidate treatment on accommodation and color vision in children with ADHD. The vast majority of the up-to-date literature is composed of case reports, small sample-sized cross-sectional studies. evaluated the temporary ocular changes in 14 children using methylphenidate. There exist some papers demonstrating ocular findings of patients with ADHD receiving methylphenidate treatment, and among these studies, only Larranaga-Fragoso et al. ![]() This drug has also some ocular side effects including dry eyes, blurred vision, pupil dilatation, and accommodation disorders. Headache, appetite loss, and insomnia are the most common side effects. As it has a stimulant compound, methylphenidate has many general side effects. Methylphenidate hydrochloride, a sympathomimetic amine, which blocks the reuptake mechanisms of dopamine and norepinephrine, is used in ADHD treatment. It is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in children. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder of childhood characterized by developmentally atypical inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsiveness.
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